Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol.51 1088-1113 October 2008. doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/06-0042)
© American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
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Effects of Feedback Frequency and Timing on Acquisition, Retention, and Transfer of Speech Skills in Acquired Apraxia of Speech

Shannon N. Austermann Hula
Donald A. Robin
Edwin Maas
San Diego State University/University of California San Diego

Kirrie J. Ballard
University of Iowa, Iowa City

Richard A. Schmidt
University of California Los Angeles

Contact author: Shannon N. Austermann Hula, who is now with the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15206. E-mail: shannon.hula{at}va.gov.

Purpose: Two studies examined speech skill learning in persons with apraxia of speech (AOS). Motor-learning research shows that delaying or reducing the frequency of feedback promotes retention and transfer of skills. By contrast, immediate or frequent feedback promotes temporary performance enhancement but interferes with retention and transfer. These principles were tested in the context of a common treatment for AOS.

Method: Two studies (N = 4, N = 2) employed single-subject treatment designs to examine acquisition and retention of speech skills in adults with AOS under different feedback conditions.

Results: Reduced-frequency or delayed feedback enhanced learning in 3 participants with AOS. Feedback manipulation was not an influential variable in 3 other cases in which stimulus-complexity effects may have masked treatment effects.

Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that individuals with AOS can benefit from structured intervention. They provide qualified support for reduction and delay of feedback, although interaction with other factors such as stimulus complexity or task difficulty needs further exploration. This study adds to the growing body of literature investigating the use of principles of motor learning in treating AOS and provides impetus for consideration of pre-treatment variables that affect outcome in treatment studies.

KEY WORDS: apraxia of speech, apraxia treatment, feedback, principles of motor learning


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